Computer Ethics Code Of Ethic - 1873 Words

Computer Ethics Whitney Nelson Hampton University Introduction Philosophy and computers do not seen like they would have much relevance to each other but in actuality they coincide with one another through ethics. Ethics are the general principles that outlines the basic standard of what is right and what is wrong. They are the moral philosophy that people live and abide by in their everyday lives. Computer ethics are a more specific realm of ethics. They are the basic principles that â€Å"regulate the use of computers† and uses computing in an appropriate manner (Computer Ethics). This include privacy concerns, intellectual property rights, and the effects of how the computer effects our society (Computer Ethics). It is important to keep and healthy learning and working environment and that is why a specific set of ethics should be followed in the computer industry. Code of Ethic The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) abides by a code of ethic which is to be followed by every member and employee of the association. There are eight outlining rules that create the overall acceptable professional work environment (Computer Ethics). These rules are not only important but should be followed in every learning, professional, or work environment. The first rule is â€Å"contribute to society and human well-being.† This rule recognize the respecting different types of people, diversity, backgrounds that are all brought together in a workingShow MoreRelatedCode of Ethics for Computer Professionals1134 Words   |  4 PagesMost professions have codes of ethics and for the same reasons computer professionals need a code of ethics. Professions that have been in existence for many more years than the information profession have had time to recognise their ethical responsibilities. In the information field it can be more difficult to immediately recognise who is affected by the actions of an individual or organisation. This does not mean that information professionals have no moral responsibilities. It is common acrossRead MoreCode Of Ethics : At Computers Inc.2977 Words   |  12 PagesCODE OF ETHICS At Computers Inc., our brand and reputation are affected by what our employees do every day. To us, ethical behavior is more than just a statement on a piece of paper. Computers, Inc. expects its staff to be scrupulously impartial and honest in all affairs relating to our company and their job within it. Our organization operates in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations, thereby demonstrating a commitment to responsibility. This code and commitment are based on theRead MoreCode Of Ethics Of Ieee. Computer Society1597 Words   |  7 Pages1Introduction Today, established ethical frameworks play a vital role in companies and organisations, espe- cially in big ones. Ethical framework, also known as code of conduct and code of ethics, is a set of guidelines, recommendations and rules, which specify expected behaviour and possible options how to make ethical decision, under different circumstances. It is crucial for every institution to set up ethical framework in order to prevent specific problems and to have es- tablished policy toRead More Computer Ethics Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Ethics A Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (see Appendix A) was first presented by Dr. Ramon C. Barquins in his paper for the Computer Ethics Institute of the Brookings Institution entitled, In Pursuit of a Ten Commandments for Computer Ethics in May of 1992. Computer ethics is about principles related to behavior and decisions made by computer professionals and users, including software engineers, operators, managers, policy makers, as well as educators and students. This meansRead MoreCodes Of Ethics From Different Fields966 Words   |  4 PagesI chose three codes of ethics from different fields. The fields are; 1. Society of professional journalists http://www.spj.org/ethicscode.asp 2. Australian Computer society http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs3604/lib/WorldCodes/Australia.Code.html 3. Code of ethics for librarians and other Information workers http://www.ifla.org/news/ifla-code-of-ethics-for-librarians-and-other-information-workers-full-version I chose the three codes of ethics depending on their nature. The nature of the careersRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Ethics1073 Words   |  5 PagesFongos Computer Solution (FCS) Code of Ethics A code of ethics is a business document outlining professional standards expected of all company employees and representatives. Although it may address internal conduct, it primarily centers on what is expected of workers when engaged in customer-centric activities. It creates standards by which business representatives are held accountable. In the business arena, it is significant to implement standards and procedures that management and workers areRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Ethics Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pages Is it important to first establish your own ethical code? Yes, it is important for everyone to have their own ethical own ethical code. Everyone has their own philosophy when it comes to ethics, because we re all different. A code is built on a commitment to integrity, truthfulness, and fairness to all persons. The existence of a Code of Ethics cannot guarantee that all persons will behave in ways deemed ethical by all other persons. New technologies bring about the need to interpret old valuesRead MorePrivacy and Computer Technology1813 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy and Computer Technology Today, the development of technology is spread all over the world and so are ethical issues. Because of the widespread, computer ethics are boiling down distinguishing what is good from what is wrong mentality. Everyones view on computer ethics differ, however all should keep in mind the value of ethics when making decisions that are ethics based. The golden rules of computer ethics state that, one should do to one another what he/she thinks should be done toRead MoreThe Ethical And Ethical Views Behind Computer Scientists1622 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been a legitimate distinction between the moral and ethical views behind computer scientists being responsible for the action that they take upon the problems that they can face from the systems that they design. They must be faced with the codes of ethics and the morality issues in order to acknowledge the user about the responsibility that they must encounter in order for the use of technology. In the case of the technological society, the IT technology must include security measuresRead MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On Society And Cultures1484 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation technology can be considered a part of every educational institutions, business, and even personal activity. This paper stands to give light to the growing influence of the information technology field and whether the development of a code of ethics would be advisable to focus on the challenges in the usage of information technology. Along with the intensification of information technology use in societies, there is a similar increase for some businesses or individuals to engage in some type

Automotive Industry Free Essays

The auto industry has been the core of the American nation, its living an American dream. I will focus of the car manufacturing industry in this article. We have always been very proud of the cars we made. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our cars were an extension of America; they were big, beautiful and made a statement. The reason I chose to write about the auto industry is that I have always felt that the auto industry is like the heartbeat of the American industry, what better way to talk about the impact of macro economic changes on this industry. I will talk about some of the basics of the industry and how it has changed in the last few decades and how we are placed now. I will compare the American companies against the other companies and analyze how the changes in the macro economic environment are affecting companies from America and the companies from other parts of the world. History of the industry Carol Loomis in The tragedy of General Motors mentions that the auto industry in America is just over a hundred years old; Ford completed its 100 years a few quarters back and the rest are getting there. We have always been known for our big 3. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. Chrysler is now of course Daimler Chrysler and the other 2 can always use tie ups with other companies to take themselves forward. The major change in the last few years has been the rise of oil prices. We always loved our Hummers and the big SUV’s, they seemed to be the right choice for every user but off the last few years that choice has suddenly become a very expensive passion, it has become like playing golf, you spend a decent amount of money every time you play golf and you end up spending a decent amount of money every time you run your SUV. That is the why nowadays, the success is in smaller or mid sized cars and smaller SUV’s. the average fuel prices are across America are expected to be at $2.71 per gallon and its getting very expensive compared to the good days when we could get gas for less than a dollar a gallon. This change in gas prices has affected the kind of choices consumers are making. The consumers were choosing the small and easy to drive Japanese cars for a long while but the lucrative SUV market was still a place where GM and Ford used to make lots of money, but now that markets has gradually and now rapidly dwindled. Let us see how the major manufacturers are doing in the industry. How to cite Automotive Industry, Essays Automotive Industry Free Essays string(145) " Business Continuity Planning PhasesProject management and initiationVolkswagen need to identify the risks behind the issue of emission scandal\." Auto is a large industry which mainly engaged in manufacture, design, development, sales and marketing of vehicles. Globally, it is one of the most crucial economic sector. According to the researchers, there are 806 million vehicles includes cars on the road in 2007, which consumes 980 billion litres of petrol and diesel yearly, (Wikipedia. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2018). Therefore, automobile is a major mode of transportation for many country economies. In this industry, safety is crucial means the user or manufacturer do not meet any risk from motor vehicle or its parts. Thus, automobile have to follow with the rules and regulations. The standard ISO 26262 is the most proper practice framework to reach automotive functional safety, (Wikipedia. 2018). However, in safety issues, the product may flaw or fault during manufacturing, hence the manufacturer can ask to return the vehicle. This is called as ‘product recall’. Product and operation inspections have many levels to avoid the products recalls by ensure security, (Wikipedia. 2018). Despite, the automotive industry really concern about recalls, which cause financial problems. Volkswagen Volkswagen is a German auto manufacturer which founded by German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler in May 28, 1937, (Wikipedia. 2018). Its head office located in Wolfsburg, German, (Volkswagen. 2018). Volkswagen is one of the leading automotive manufacturer and biggest producer in Europe, (Volkswagen. 2018). As well as, it is biggest sales marque of Volkswagen Group which is the largest automaker in worldwide, (Volkswagen. 2018). It is in charge of many brands includes Volkswagen, Audi, Lamborghini, SEAT, Scania, Ducati, MAN, Bentley, Bugatti and Skoda, (Volkswagen. 2018).As great achievements, Volkswagen performed sales record of 6.29 million vehicle in 2010 with market share at 11.4 percent, (Wikipedia. 2018). Volkswagen also is the third biggest automaker in year 2010 and second greatest manufacturer in the world in the year 2012, (Wikipedia. 2018). In addition, Volkswagen has manufacture facilities in many countries includes United States, Russia, Mexico, China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Argentina, Brazil, Portugal, Poland, Spain, Bosnia, Kenya and South Africa, (Wikipedia. 2018). Volkswagen is one of the successful company that listed by Forbes Global 2000 in 2011, (Wikipedia. 2018). Therefore, Volkswagen has goal of become world’s greatest auto manufacturer by 2018, but its emission scandal issue caused the organization to drop of market capitalization, (Volkswagen. 2018). Volkswagen Emissions Violation The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) which a non-profitable council tried to provide independent research to environmental regulation agencies, (Zhou, A. 2016). Therefore, it selected West Virginia University to conduct the emission tests. Volkswagen encouraged it diesel cars as an environmental friendly and fuel efficient vehicles, which earned some high revenue. However, one of the professor named Arvind Thiruvengadam noted that Volkswagen has some fraud on diesel emissions, (Zhou, A. 2016). As continuous research, the ICCT suspected that Volkswagen has fixed fault device, (Zhou, A. 2016). Generally, computer on test accept the changes in how the emissions control system and vehicle can choose only few. But, Volkswagen’s device can do more. Therefore, the ICCT summarized and submitted all the gathered information to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). On September 2015, the EPA issued a notice of Clean Air Act to Volkswagen Group, (Wikipedia. 2018). The Volkswagen had violated the Clean Air Act by illegally installed software into diesel cars to cheat emission tests, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, this test to control the nitrogen oxide level, but it released up to 40 times more nitrogen oxide when driving, (Zhou, A. 2016). Moreover, Volkswagen also admitted that had been applied this software in 11 million cars worldwide, (Zhou, A. 2016). Later, EPA also found modified software fitted into Porsche, Audi and some Volkswagen models, (Zhou, A. 2016).Responses In order to compensate, Volkswagen commanded voluntary recall, make public apology and the CEO with other directors of the organization resigned, (Zhou, A. 2016). The Volkswagen Group is also facing lawsuits and criminal charges and hence future of the organization is hopeless, (Wikipedia. 2018). As a step towards to solve, Volkswagen former CEO Martin Winterkorn released a video apology when the company under fire. In his statement, â€Å"I apologize sincerely to our customer, regulatory agencies and the public for misbehaviour†, said by Winterkorn in German, (Groden, C. 2015). More than that, Volkswagen current CEO Matthias Muller also has apologized for emission test cheating, (France, A. 2016). Beside public apologies, Volkswagen promised to reserve 6.5 billion euros to use make cars follow with pollution standards, (Zhou, A. 2016). Although, its looks big amount, but it is only the half year of company profit. Furthermore, Volkswagen meet 3.3 billion euro lawsuit and experience some criminal cases, (Zhou, A. 2016). In the United States, the company encountered fine up to $30,000 per car, (Zhou, A. 2016). In addition, the share price of Volkswagen fell over 20 percent, (Kollewe, J. 2016). Moreover, Volkswagen officially announced ‘vehicle recall’ which recalls the 83,000 three litre diesel vehicles with model year between 2009 and 2015, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). Volkswagen also spend $225 million to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). The company also give $25 million to California Air Resources Board to support the free emission vehicles, (Berkeley, L and Christine, W. 2016). Apart from that, Volkswagen Group CEO Martin Winterkorn resigned and head of brand development Heinz-Jakob Neusser, Porsche research and development director, Wolfgang Hatz, and Audi research and development director, Ulrich Hackenberg were suspended, (Wikipedia. 2018). Further, the Volkswagen headquarter and other branches were raided for further investigation, (Zhou, A. 2016).It Is Effective Although Volkswagen responded with public apology, lawsuit and voluntary recall on its emission violation, it is not much effective ways to overcome from the reputation risk. The Volkswagen still not regain the consumer trust. The organization should use the business continuity plan to recover the business with higher profit. Alternative Solution Volkswagen Group is still facing many problems of establishing credibility to their customers. Hence, I suggest business continuity plan (BCP) that can apply into the Volkswagen business. The BCP is a plan to help that business process can continue during the disaster. In this case, Volkswagen emission scandal is man-made disaster whereby the business is not able to continue in normal conditions. The 5 Business Continuity Planning PhasesProject management and initiationVolkswagen need to identify the risks behind the issue of emission scandal. You read "Automotive Industry" in category "Papers" Therefore, the primary risk of this company is image risk as known as reputation risk. Reputation risk can loss result from damages to the company’s reputation. Thus, this risk affected the Volkswagen company’s revenue which is went drop, increased operating expenses including compensation and fines and also kills corporate trust of consumers and stakeholders. Next, legal risk is also one of the main risk which also need to consider. Volkswagen need to face legal risk includes fine and criminal charges to cheat the government. Moreover, the Volkswagen also need to establish new management team. Management team includes IT coordinator, business continuity coordinator (BCC), crisis manager. IT coordinator to provide advice on best programming and provide technical support for system. In this case, the IT experts of Volkswagen installed defeat device. They cheated on programming writing code. Next, Volkswagen can hire business continuity coordinator who develop and maintain the business continuity plans. They also responsible for the critical situation which identify the risk, and provide solution to minimize the risks. Volkswagen also can hire crisis manager who responsible for disaster recovery and responsible for communication with insurance agent. Business Impact AnalysisAs an impact of reputation risk, Volkswagen loss trust credibility among the customers and shareholders. More than that, Volkswagen became the target of regulatory investigations in many countries. In fact, one of the German newspaper labelled this issue as â€Å"most expensive act of stupidity in the history of the car industry†, (Zhou, A. 2016). After this news, immediately Volkswagen’s stock price fell, (Zhou, A. 2016).The Volkswagen also affected on legal risk which facing some lawsuits and fines, (Edwards, J. 2016). The United States Justice Department has sued Volkswagen with $48 billons under environmental laws, (Edwards, J. 2016). It also give $14.7 billion as penalties to the Clean Air Act violation, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, the total loss of Volkswagen Group based on this emission scandal issue is almost $90 billion which is consider the deep loss in Volkswagen history, (Edwards, J. 2016). Beside financial loss, it also polluted the environment. The scandal tragedy released extensive amounts of nitrogen oxide. It is polluted the environment. Moreover, nitrogen oxide cause smog, greenhouse effect, acid rain and tropospheric ozone which associated with health effect such as respiratory problem includes lungs irritation, wheezing, asthma, emphysema. Nitrogen oxide also cause damaging vegetation which reduce growth of plants.Recovery strategiesThe Volkswagen Group primarily affected by reputation (image) risk. It damaged its image and facing problems of establishing credibility to customers and stakeholders. Thus, to recover from this issue, have some recovery solutions such as Volkswagen can restart the business in new name, partnership with independent agency and issue the bond, (Zhou, A. 2016). Volkswagen should use these solutions to restore credibility to its company.Re-brandingAs known as, Volkswagen is a worldwide brand and it is the largest car company in the world. Hence, the scandal issue is not forgotten easily, unless restart the business with new name. Re-branding may improve the brand image and it make easier for the business to speed up efficient program, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, re-branding is an expensive and have high risk, but it will reduce bad publicity of the organization, (Zhou, A. 2016). If Volkswagen ready to rebrand its business, it should develop company with greener environment and corporate social responsible (CSR), (Zhou, A. 2016). The company reputation will increase when it give more importance for environmental friendly and sustainability. Thus, the re-branding company should collaborate with Federal Trade Commission which give importance to sustainability work, (Zhou, A. 2016). More than that, the re-branding company should concentrate on minimizing energy consumption, saving water, minimizing carbon emission and reducing waste. Further, the re-branding company can engage with communities or NGOs to show the public that they have care about society, (Zhou, A. 2016). However, these are helpful to use social marketing as a recovery strategy that increase the company’s image. Partnership with Independent Verification AgencyEven though Volkswagen have its own audit team to inspect their vehicles emissions, the organization should partnership with the external independent agency to regain the customer’s trust. Thus, there are some independent verification agency includes Fair Labour Association (FLA), World Business Council for sustainable Development (WCSBD), Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), (Zhou, A. 2016). As more information of these independent agencies, FLA has own Code of Conduct and sustainable compliance methodology, (Zhou, A. 2016). The WCSBD is a global network which handle recent sustainable development issues, (Zhou, A. 2016). LMOP is a voluntary program which focus to reduce the methane emissions from land by using renewable energy, (Zhou, A. 2016). Finally, FTC that mainly focus on customer protection, (Zhou, A. 2016).However, if Volkswagen partnership with any independent verification agency, then not only can rebuild the consumer trust, but also can get rewards and recognition from NGOs based on CSR practices. More, if Volkswagen partnership with prestigious global organization will give stronger credibility. Issue a bondAnother recovery method to achieve again the customer trust is Volkswagen should issue bond. This is because bond is benchmark of credibility. Also Volkswagen can announced that if again the cheating is happen, they will pay a bond to the European Commissions, (Zhou, A. 2016). This will motivate the regulators to be strict in audit. Hence, the amount can use for develop environment good vehicle, decarbonisation of engine and information technology infrastructure. Volkswagen should issue high price bond, thus customer will know that the company regret on emission scandal issue. This is because Volkswagen Company have many assets. In order to invest this bond, Volkswagen should sell its assets or any branch. For example, oil price in increasing rapidly, thus Volkswagen should sell its companies to make environmental good vehicles such as electric vehicle. If Volkswagen can capitalized, then it became the great company in automotive industry.Information technology infrastructureVolkswagen should use advance information technology. Therefore, it made advancement in infrastructure of vehicles includes emission control system, safety features and audio system. After this scandal issue, people do not buy Volkswagen car, thus using technology in emissions control system will attract customers. Volkswagen may use technologies to control nitrogen oxide includes selective catalytic reduction (SCR), Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), Lean NOx traps (LNTs) and Lean NOx catalysts (LNCs), (MECA. 2007). The SCR is a reducing agent which able to reduce nitrogen oxide from 75 to 90 percent, (MECA. 2007). EGR technology reduce lowest engine emission which can reduce 50 percent of nitrogen oxide emissions, (MECA. 2007). Moreover, LNTs is more efficient technology which able to minimize up to 80 percent meanwhile LNCs is only able to reduce 10 to 40 percent of nitrogen oxide from emission which using hydrocarbon in exhaust, (MECA. 2007). Plan design and developmentAfter recovery strategies, Volkswagen should plan to publish the recovery plans. For example, Volkswagen interacting with external groups includes customers, and media. It can use social media and advertise the new plan through Facebook, YouTube and watt sap. Makes everyone knows about the new plans of Volkswagen. Therefore, people may forgot the previous scandal issue and this will improve the Volkswagen’s image as well.Testing, maintenance, awareness and trainingHowever, measure the success by testing. Volkswagen can test the plans which execute by the company. This will also improve the plans. There are several kind of tests includes checklist test, walk through and recovery simulation test. Let say, if the company found any problem while testing they can do maintenance. Meaning can modify the technical problems and for more efficient can do internal and external audit. This will identify the mistaken of the process. Meanwhile, it is also important to Volkswagen to having business continuity plan training and awareness. This will increase the value of the company and reduce costs by managing risk. For example, Volkswagen should provide training and awareness campaign to all level of employees who working in the company. Hence, this will improve the business continuity knowledge and skills among the staffs.Recommendation In order to overcome the reputation risk, first Volkswagen should focus on contract design of agent that make penalty or rewards. For example, European Commission or Environmental Protection Agency are non-profitable agencies, (Zhou, A. 2016). Therefore, Volkswagen should have up to date information detailed outlines. Next, screening and selection mechanisms to minimize the irregular information, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). For evidence, if the Volkswagen hired trust employees then this emissions scandal may not happened. Furthermore, Volkswagen should manipulated by agents, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). The agent can carry out random audits to monitor the company.In other hand, Volkswagen should comply environmental regulations, (Jesus, N.D. 2015). This will increase company’s reputation. Meanwhile, Volkswagen’s managers and employees are responsible for law and order to get corporate governance outcome. If the corporate governance standard is high, then company such as Volkswagen do not able to fraud in future. How to cite Automotive Industry, Papers

The Diviners †Returning to Roots Essay Sample free essay sample

Once. there lived a male child ; his gramps migrated from Kenya during the First World War. He was raised among a diverse population. One twenty-four hours. at school. it was being announced that there was traveling to be a multicultural show. Bing born in Canada. he neer gave it much thought. Like everyone else. he attended this show. What he saw amazed him. He witnessed at least a twelve Kenyan cultural public presentations. That twenty-four hours he returned place. inquiring his parents if they could see Kenya ; he had neer been at that place. His parents agreed and so they travelled to Kenya. It was so that the male child realized that that was where he belonged. The subject of this short anecdote is happening place and returning to ones’ roots. It seems that many Canadian literatures utilize this subject. The Diviners. by Margaret Laurence. illustrates this subject utilizing many of the characters. The essay. Where the World Began by Margaret Laurence. and the movie. Down the Road ( 1970 ) will be analyzed alongside The Diviners to grok the subject of place and returning to roots. Morag. the chief character in The Diviners. grew up hearing narratives of Piper Gunn and his escapades from Scotland. She began to believe that she must go to Scotland in order to see it for herself whether the narratives Christie tells her are true or non. During the period she stayed in England. she met Dan McRaith who was besides from Scotland. He took Morag to his house. in Crombruach small town. but Morag did non prosecute any farther ; at that point. Morag had realized that her roots are in Canada. â€Å"But it’s non mine. except a long long manner back. I ever thought it was the land of my ascendants. but it is non. † Morag Tells Dan. â€Å"Christie’s existent state. Where I was born. † When she returned to England. she received a note sing Christie’s wellness. She tell Pique that they will be traveling place. â€Å"Pique we’re traveling back place. † Piquette Tonnerre Gunn is a really interesting character. The fresh Begins with her journey in hunt of populating relations on Jules’ side of the household. She is besides a Metis. like her male parent Jules. and would invariably endure torment from the other pupils. Pique started showing features Morag and Jules possessed in their childhood. Pique. unable to command her emotions. ran away twice. She tells Morag about her journey and that she met Jules and his brother Jacques. She besides stated that she needs to head west once more ; this clip she will remain with Jacques in the land that her male parent and gramps. Lazarus. used to populate in. She visited the Tonnerre hovel and felt connected to it someway. She knew that she needed that journey to happen her true place. The movie. Goin’ Down the Road. efficaciously used this subject. Pete and Joey travel from Nova Scotia to Toronto for a better life. Pete was given hope that he will decidedly acquire a occupation here ; nevertheless. when they arrive. they realize that the adult male had fooled them. After geting a nice occupation. they start to populate their life. However. they still miss their lives in Nova Scotia and believe about returning but can non since the occupation in Toronto pays better. Soon Joey gets married and his married woman is pregnant. All of a sudden. Pete and Joey lose their occupations. So. they end up robbing Lob Laws and so flying out of Toronto. go forthing Joeyâ€℠¢s married woman behind. They have done something similar to what Jules had done in The Diviners. They are in hunt for a better life and a place they can name their ain but can non acquire around to making so. Jules Tonnerre faced the battle of happening a place of his ain. He knew that his topographic point was the Tonnerre hovel and where he grew up but he needed a topographic point he could name his ain. He was a traveller. singing from topographic point to topographic point in hunt of fortune. satisfaction and a topographic point to name his ain. Ultimately he dies before he could truly happen his place. Margaret Laurence’s essay. Where the World Began. besides amplifies this subject. This essay is much like an autobiographical history of her journey. She describes the landscape from her childhood – her hometown. the Prairies. Laurence described the defects of her hometown and stated. â€Å"When I was 18. I couldn’t delay to acquire out of that town. off from the prairies. † She besides stated. â€Å"I did non cognize so that I would transport the land and town all my life within my skull. that they would organize the mainspring and beginning of the authorship I was to make. wherever and nevertheless far off I might populate. † She knows that deep within her. the memories of the prairie will ever be at that place. She knows that deep within herself. she will ever hanker for her hometown. Although she lived in many topographic points. she returned each and every clip to her place. Canada – the prairies. Similarly. in the novel The Diviners. Dan McRaith feels the same manner. He felt a connexion to Crombruach. He needed a topographic point to acquire away from his married woman and household but at the same clip he could non paint in England. He returned frequently to restart his work and it merely satisfied him one time he was painting once more in Crombruach. Furthermore. in the fresh Fifth Business. Dunstable Ramsay references something similar every bit good. As Dunny ( Dunstable Ramsay ) is go forthing Deptford. after returning from the war. he realizes that he had â€Å"never entirely left it the spirit. † The thought of place and roots are being implicated. One of the major subjects in Ca nadian literature. place and returning to roots has been explored. It can be concluded that although many Canadians may experience the demand to seek elsewhere for their individuality. it can be found right here in Canada. Morag realizes her roots lie in Canada. Pique travels west to understand her household better. Pete and Joey will ever be seeking merely like Jules. Margaret Laurence knows Canada is where she truly belongs. Dunny will ever hold Deptford in his head. The true Canadian individuality is deep within our consciousness. We will transport it everyplace we go. in our psyches.

The Highs And Lows Of A True Greek Hero Essays - Greek Mythology

The Highs And Lows Of A True Greek Hero The Highs and Lows of a True Greek Hero Heroes are almost perfect people. Odysseus was a great Greek Hero. Just like all of us though, he had exceptional abilities and faults. You notice many examples throughout the Odyssey that which was authored by Homer. The traits you notice are his tall tales, and his extravagant curiosity. Also, he is very attractive, extremely clever, and like most heroes has great ability. Odysseus had few negative qualities. He told many tall tales throughout the Odyssey. Telling tall tales wasn't a good habit, but put for a good cause because the Goddess Athena requested him too. Being one with following the Gods, he abided by her rules and told a lie to the swineherd Eumaeus, and told him that he was from out of town and lied about his name as well. He fooled Eumaeus quite easily but didn't realize how hurt people were getting by Odysseus' his absence. Other than the tall tale telling, Odysseus was also very curious. When they reached the island of the Cyclopes, the curious Odysseus let his curiosity go to work. He noticed the big cave of Polyphemus and believed they might be nice and humble towards strangers, but he was wrong! He entered the cave out of curiosity of the people, and ran into Polyphemus, the giant Cyclops. His curiosity caused the life of some of his men. On the other hand, Odysseus had many good qualities though to go along with the negative ones. He had looks, strength, and extreme ability. Odysseus proved very clever while at the isle of the Cyclopes. After his curiosity killed some men of his, he desired to escape. He cleverly decided to get Polyphemus drunk on wine, and to blind his one and only eye! This scheme worked, but now they had to escape! He came up with the idea to strap him and his companions to strap themselves to the bottom of Polyphemus' sheep. In the morning, Polyphemus counted his sheep and guarded the cave well so they could not escape, but with them under the sheep, Polyphemus was helpless! This clever scheme worked and they set off for the isle of Aeolus. Odysseus had many women lusting for him. After all, heroes are almost always handsome. One of the first women to fall for him was Circe. Circe was a goddess of the wind. She took him hostage on her island, but his single-mindedness and the messenger God Hermes helped him survive. Also, the goddess Calypso fell for this hero. She kept him captive on her island for 8 years hoping he would love her, but he never did. Odysseus' captors must have proven him attractive if they thought they loved him. Another of Odysseus' positive traits was his great strength. In many situations he proved this ability. While floating from Calypso's island, he came to the Land of the Phaeacians. While right outside the rocks to this island, he treaded water for a whole day non-stop until he found a safer passage into this land. Also, Odysseus showed great strength near the end of this story, when he helped slay 108 suitors. One hundred eight suitors had moved into Odysseus' palace and tried to win his spouse. This angered Odysseus to a point where he killed viciously for his land of Ithaca. Though it is bad to kill, it is even harder to kill 108 grown men. Through Odysseus' long journey home we saw all of his traits come out. Traits both good and bad, more good than bad. This journey remained long because of his love for someone, which is one of the best characteristics to have. Bibliography Homer, The Odyssey; Adapted Classic New Jersey ; Globe Book Company, 1992

Comparison Between Kes and Billy Elliot Essays

Comparison Between Kes and Billy Elliot Essays Comparison Between Kes and Billy Elliot Essay Comparison Between Kes and Billy Elliot Essay Both films central ideas are based around the theme of hardship in the North during the late 20th century (1950-1990). Both directors have chosen to specifically highlight the lack of opportunity there is for someone to excel and have a job that matches their talents. Both boys find something that they are passionate about but it is extremely hard for them to break out from the norm of after finishing school (at a considerably much younger age than we would finish) was being sent off to the mines. It is interesting to note that even though the films span the gap between Yorkshire in the late 1960s to around 1984-85, the way the people live their lives and their standards of living seem not to have changed very much at all. Apart from the addition of very few cars, the houses and livelihoods of the people appear almost exactly the same.British New Wave Cinema was concerned with the realism of the situation in the North and directors such as Ken Loach (Kes) tried to make this very obvi ous in his film. The work of directors working in the British New Wave era drew attention to the reality of life for the working classes, especially in the North of England, giving rise to the expression, Its grim up north. This particular type of drama, centred around class and the nitty-gritty of day-to-day life, was also known as the kitchen sink drama. This kitchen-sink drama is especially obvious in Kes because the style and cinematography of the film is very natural and realistic. In fact, Ken Loach used hardly any professional actors but instead hired relatively unknown and sometimes just people from the surrounding area with no acting experience in the film. The style of the filming is also very real, containing relatively few obviously symbolistic sections and having minimal editing but instead long drawn out shots without cuts to a different perspective. This added to the sense of reality and made the film seem almost too simple as if you were seeing it through someones ey es and not through multiple cameras.Both Billy Casper and Billy Elliot are similar characters. They both seem to wear virtually the same clothes everyday, consisting of a school uniform and their recreation clothes. These clothes get worn and worn again no matter what the boys have been doing in them. They also seem to only just fit both the Billys. This is probably to suggest that they cannot afford and new clothes. They do not wear any brand names also implicating their poor financial status. Another similarity between the boys is their broken household. Caspers father is not talked about or featured at all, meaning his mother and the two boys have to sustain themselves. As we see, this is the root of Billys thieving and the reason for his having to take on a paper round. It also explains why it is so important for him to be employed and why he may have to accept his fate of having to work in the mines. This is also the case in Elliots household. During the course of the film we h ear quite a lot about the death of Billys mother and how this has affected the family.However, as a difference to Kes, the film focuses much more on how the death of this figure in their lives affects them emotionally, as appose to the neutral feeling Kes gives about the absence of Caspers father. One might guess that this has been done to conform to the types of film being made at the time. Audiences in the 1990s and 2000s needed a character to sympathize with and this addition of feeling, empathy or emotion into Billy Elliot gives the audience this. It means that Billy Elliot cannot really be classed as a British New Wave film because the film has been romanticised to a certain extent and therefore has moved away from the harsh reality of films like Kes and Billy Liar (1963) which truly have their roots in British New Wave.Another similarity between Kes and Billy Elliot is the storylines of the two films. Both the Billys find something they are truly passionate about, a rare occur rence in a society with little scope for experimenting, and follow whatever this obsession passion is about. For both boys their hobby is rather like a release from the monotony of the life they had known and this makes them want to continue their hobby purely for the need of change and excitement in their lives. This is wonderfully represented in the British New Wave genre. Because the genre typically focuses on the nitty-gritty of day-to-day life the audience are given an insight into this monotonous existence and so when the characters find their passion, want them to continue and be successful because they can sympathize with the needs of the character.Nevertheless the outcomes of the two plots are very different. In Kes, there is not a happy ending. This fits perfectly into the ideals of British New Wave cinema. It is real-life and in real life there are no happy endings. Moreover, we are not told the end of Caspers story, and the film ends in an almost finished manner, the aud ience left to speculate what kind of life Billy will go on to lead. Unfortunately, the audience assumes from what they know of the opportunity for differentiation in his culture, that he has eventually to face up to his fears and work down the mines. Interestingly, this suspicion of Caspers fate is possibly even confirmed by the film Billy Elliot, in that standards of living and the general kind of lives Northern people are able to lead have hardly changed at all after more than 15 years. On the other hand, we do get to find out what happens to Billy after his journey to discovery in dance. The end sequence pictures the happy romanticised ending that a modern audience expects (and unfortunately usually gets). This again goes against the ideas of British New Wave cinema.DIFFERENCES:One of the major differences between Kes and Billy Elliot is the representation of the conflict between social classes. In Billy Elliot the dance teacher, Mrs. Wilkinson is portrayed as being from a slight ly more upper class circle than Billy. This can be seen in the area that she lives in. when both Billy and his dad go to see her separately the differences between their two homes and neighbourhoods are glaringly obvious. Even more so, the divide between social classes being portrayed here is shown when Mrs. Wilkinson appears to be completely alienated, nervous and scared when visiting Billy in his tough, dog-eats-dog world.One of the central ideas of British new wave cinema is giving a voice to the working class. Britain today is still a society in many ways defined by class, but in the 1950s divisions were far more rigid as can be seen in the large division between Mrs. Wilkinsons and Billys world. The new wave films and the sources that inspired them gave a voice to a working-class that was for the first time gaining some economic power. In Billy Elliot, the point that had been trying to be made in British new wave cinema of the 50s and 60s was being reiterated and applied to the new generation. The director of Billy Elliot maybe wanted to prove that even though economy had moved on leaps and bounds for the southern population, it was still unmoving up in the north. The director gave these people a voice in Billy Elliot.Kes hardly shows the distinction between the classes at all, only touches on it with the inclusion of characters such as the careers advisor and the friendly teacher (who can be identified as higher class by the ownership of a car). However, the conflict and stark differences between these classes are not explored in this film. This was the case in many new wave films. Interestingly, only Room at the Top (d. Jack Clayton, 1958) and Look Back in Anger (d. Tony Richardson, 1959) look directly at conflict between working-class and middle-class characters. The later films concentrate on conflicts within the working-class contrasting rough (the very poor, unskilled, criminal and hedonistic represented by characters like Arthur Seaton in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (d. Karel Reisz, 1960) and Colin Smith and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner, d. Richardson, 1962) with respectable (skilled, aspirational, educated and moral such as the heroes of John Schlesingers films: Vic Brown in A Kind of Loving (1962) and the life that Billy Fisher in Billy Liar (1963) appears to lead).

Bishops in the Medieval Christian Church

Bishops in the Medieval Christian Church In the Christian  Church of the Middle Ages, a bishop was the chief pastor of a diocese; that is, an area containing more than one congregation. The bishop was an ordained priest who served as pastor of one congregation and oversaw the administration of any others in his district.   Any church that served as the primary office of a bishop was considered his seat, or cathedra, and was therefore known as a cathedral. The office or rank of a bishop is known as a bishopric. Origins of the term Bishop The word Bishop derives from the Greek epà ­skopos (á ¼ Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š), which meant an overseer, curator or guardian.   The Duties Like any priest, a bishop baptized, performed weddings, gave last rites, settled disputes, and heard confession and absolved. In addition, bishops controlled church finances, ordained priests, assigned clergy to their posts, and dealt with any number of matters pertaining to Church business.   Types of Bishops in Medieval Times An archbishop was a bishop who oversaw several dioceses besides his own. The term metropolitan has sometimes been used for the archbishop of a city.The Pope is the bishop of Rome. The holder of this see was considered the successor to St. Peter, and the office grew in prestige and influence over the first few centuries of the Middle Ages. Before the end of the fifth century, the office was established as the foremost authority in the western Christian Church, and the  bishop of Rome  became known as the father, or papa, or pope.Patriarchs were bishops of particularly important sees in the eastern churches (which, after the Great Schism of 1054, would eventually become known as the Eastern Orthodox Church). This included the apostolic sees those believed to have been founded by Apostles: Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and JerusalemCardinal-bishops (now known simply as cardinals) were a privileged class as far back as the 8th century, and only those bishops who had received the red hat (a mark of a cardinal) could elect the pope or become pope. Secular Influence as Well as Spiritual Power Some Christian churches, including the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox, maintain that bishops are the successors of the Apostles; this is known as apostolic succession. As the Middle Ages unfolded, bishops often held secular influence as well as spiritual power thanks in part to this perception of inherited authority.   A Three-Fold Ministry by the Second Century Just exactly when bishops attained a separate identity from presbyters (elders) is unclear, but by the second century C.E, the early Christian Church had evidently established a three-fold ministry of deacons, priests, and bishops. Once the emperor Constantine professed Christianity and began to help followers of the religion, bishops grew in prestige, particularly if the city that constituted their diocese was populous and had a notable number of Christians.   Filling the Void After Collapse of the Roman Empire In the years following the collapse of the western Roman Empire (officially, in 476 C.E.), bishops often stepped in to fill the void secular leaders left behind in unstable areas and depleted cities. While theoretically church officials were supposed to limit their influence to spiritual matters, by answering the needs of society these fifth-century bishops set a precedent, and the lines between church and state would be fairly blurry throughout the rest of the medieval era. The Investiture Controversy Another development that arose out of the uncertainties of early medieval society was the proper selection and investment of clerics, especially bishops and archbishops. Because various dioceses were flung far across Christendom, and the pope was not always easily accessible, it became a fairly common practice for local secular leaders to appoint clerics to replace those who had died (or, rarely, left their offices). But by the late 11th century, the papacy found the influence this gave secular leaders in church matters opprobrious and attempted to ban it. Thus began the Investiture Controversy, a struggle lasting 45 years that, when resolved in favor of the Church, strengthened the papacy at the expense of local monarchies and gave bishops freedom from secular political authorities. The Protestant Reformation When the Protestant churches split from Rome in the Reformation  of the 16th century,  the office of the bishop was rejected by some reformers. This was due in part to the lack of any basis for the office in the New Testament, and in part to the corruption that high clerical offices had been associated with over the preceding few hundred years. Most Protestant churches today have no bishops, although some Lutheran churches in Germany, Scandinavia and the U.S. do, and the Anglican church (which after the break initiated by Henry VIII retained many aspects of Catholicism) also has bishops. Sources and Suggested Reading Eusebius. The History of the Church: From Christ to Constantine. Edited and with an introduction by Andrew Louth; translated by G. A. Williamson, Penguin Classics. John D. Zizioulas. Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop During the First Three Centuries.

Palliative care and the needs of cancer and non-cancer patients Essay

Palliative care and the needs of cancer and non-cancer patients - Essay Example Nevertheless, efforts to lengthen life or to comfort are not necessarily mutually exclusive. Many patients who receive palliative care feel better and live longer than expected. The boundary between "cure" and "care" is cultivated by eligibility rules for hospice benefits established by the federal government and private insurers to limit expenditures for palliative care. Confining palliative care to those who are expected to live no longer than six months creates pointless misery for many patients. It also unjustifiably weighs down clinicians who, in several circumstances, cannot precisely and truthfully calculate whether a seriously ill patient will live three months, six months, a year, two years, or even longer. This rigid division between cure and care likewise discourages suffering patients from requesting palliative care. Based on the model definition of the Canadian Palliative Care Association, the term palliative care has been characterised as "a philosophy of care and combination of therapies intended to support persons living with life-threatening illness. Palliative care strives to meet physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs, while remaining sensitive to personal, cultural, and religious values. Palliative care may be needed at any time in the disease trajectory, and bereavement. It may be combined with therapies aimed at reducing or curing the illness or it may be the total focus of care. Care is delivered through the collaborative efforts of an interdisciplinary team including the individual, family, and others involved in the provision of care. Where possible, palliative care should be available in the setting of personal choice" (Ferris and Cummings 1995, p.12). As it is, palliative care does not end with the death of the patient. Although not all families require sophisticated follow-up, a palliative care program must offer bereavement counseling. Physicians and oncology nurses trained to deal with families in distress can help them link up with the palliative care group (McDonald 1998, p. 1710). Early implementations of palliative care for patients with chronic, critical, or multiple illnesses reduce the need for crisis-oriented services. Early palliative care affords a basis for predicting and preparing for the inconvenience intrinsic in the treatment and care of such individuals. In certain situations, especially those children with serious diseases, early palliative care can prepare the patient for life-prolonging treatments such as chemotherapy and make the treatments more acceptable and certainly more bearable. "Quality of Life" As mentioned, a major objective of palliative care is to achieve the best quality of life for patients and their families and this aim is often evaluated by measures of quality of life. However, the concept of quality of life, is complicated and quite tricky to define, being both individual and multidimensional and, although many instruments exist which attempt to quantify it, measurement is difficult. In the